![]() (2017) Radiosynthesis and validation of (+/−)-3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropionate (-FLac) as a PET tracer of lactate to monitor MCT1-dependent lactate uptake in tumors. Halestrap AP (2013) Monocarboxylic acid transport. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.05.009īonen A (2001) The expression of lactate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4) in heart and muscle. Ho M-W, Ulanowicz R (2005) Sustainable systems as organisms? Biosystems 82: 39-51. Hebb DO (1949) The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory Wiley: 368. Crane-Na+-glucose cotransporter to cure? Front Physiol 4: 53. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00404Ĭrane RK, Krane SM (1956) On the mechanism of the intestinal absorption of sugars. Roosterman D, Meyerhof W, Cottrell GS (2018) Proton transport chains in glucose metabolism: mind the proton. Jørgensen SE (1999) Tentative fourth law of thermodynamics applied to description of ecosystem development. Morowitz HJ (1992) Beginnings of Cellular Life: Metabolism Recapitulates Biogenesis Yale University Press. Prigogine I (1978) Time, structure, and fluctuations. Simpson IA, Carruthers A, Vannucci SJ (2007) Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: the role of nutrient transporters. Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ (1994) Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization. Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ (2003) Food for thought: challenging the dogmas. Astrocytes and neurons communicate via a monocarboxylic acid shuttle. The presented astrocyte neuron communication hypothesis has the potential to unite the community by suggesting that the exchange of monocarboxylic acids paves the path of glucose provision.Ĭitation: Dirk Roosterman, Graeme S. A change in imported pyrH/ l-lacH ratio in favour of l-lacH encodes signals stabilizing the transit of glucose from astrocytes to neurons. ![]() The repertoire of MCTs in astrocytes and neurons allows them to communicate via monocarboxylic acids. ![]() Similarly, neuronal MCT2 preferentially imports pyrH. carbonic anhydrase II complex imports monocarboxylic acids.phosphoglycerate kinase complex exports and at the same time in the same astrocyte, MCT1.The precise nature of the PD predicts the activity and catalytic direction of MCTs. We particularly focus on the proton-driven transfer of l-lactic acid ( l-lacH) and pyruvic acid (pyrH), were PDs link MCTs to a flow of energy. MCTs have wide substrate specificity and are discussed to be in protein complex with a proton donor (PD). Our review does not criticise, but rather integrates experimental data characterizing proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) into the ANLS. Since formulation of the Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis in 1994, the hypothesis has provoked criticism and debate.
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